Engineering questions answered | AI, careers and routes in

Artificial Intelligence

Steven
Orcina Ltd

Learn the fundamentals of how AI works. Understand how large language models are trained and how applications like ChatGPT work with them. Think about the invention of the motor car - everyone could drive one, but the rewarding careers came from making them faster, safer and more comfortable. You couldn't learn that just by driving, you had to pull one apart. The same applies to AI. Start with free courses on machine learning basics and experiment with building simple models. But here's the crucial part - AI is a tool, not a teacher. To use it well, you need other skills and knowledge in your chosen field so you can judge when it's right and when it's wrong. The professionals who thrive will be those who have great engineering skills and master the AI tools that support them.

Steven
Orcina Ltd

AI's ability to quickly gather information from lots of sources and present it in useful ways is incredibly powerful. As agentic systems become more intelligent, everyone in technical roles will have the opportunity to lead a small team of AI specialists. These won't be humans and won't behave like humans, which will require slightly different skills to those we generally train for today. Agentic coding systems like Claude Code are already transforming software development roles. Over time, I expect similar systems to evolve for other jobs, from mechanical design to complex simulations. Those who can collaborate with AI systems and also maintain great engineering skills will have the most rewarding jobs.

Steven
Orcina Ltd

This is a great question! While there's no perfect answer, I expect autonomous agents, this means the AI systems that can "do" things for you, to become more capable and reliable. The bigger changes might come from where these AI agents exist and what they can understand. The language models that power Gemini and ChatGPT run on expensive cloud servers and need you to send your personal data to them. As models become smarter, small language models (SLMs) that run on your laptop or phone will increase privacy and become cheaper. If we think big, developments in "world models" that understand physics and 3D space could be groundbreaking for robotics and physical applications across lots of types of engineering.

Careers

Dr Claire
The Met Office

The good news is that there are now lots of different options to get into engineering. Direct routes include apprenticeships, university degrees, industrial placements and by joining the Armed Forces. It is also possible to come into engineering later on. If you follow a career path that involves logical thinking and problem solving, then this sets you up for understanding engineering problems. This could be via a science route or a computing path. For example, a lot of our engineers are writing unique software that is used to run specialist equipment. I am not an engineer by training, but I love the challenge of innovating to solve a real-world problem.

Joanna
EngineeringUK

Engineering and technology jobs make up a large part of UK employment, and engineers usually earn more than many other professions. When you start out, your pay is competitive and as you gain experience and skills, your salary can increase significantly. Some engineers in specialist roles or busy sectors can earn very high salaries. Apprentice engineers also earn a wage while they learn, and your pay will grow as you progress and take on more responsibility.

Take a look at the From idea to career resource to explore all the options you have after school.

Engineering is a fantastic career choice as engineers help solve real-world problems, shape the future, and make a positive difference in people’s lives. There are so many exciting paths to explore, and your skills will always be in demand!

Tomas
Green Folk

When people ask what kind of jobs are out there in engineering, the top 3 areas we’re seeing the most demand for right now are:

Process or Manufacturing Engineers
Maintenance Engineers and Quality Engineers

Generalist process or manufacturing engineers remain highly sought after. This is because businesses really value people who can think big and bring real expertise to make processes more efficient.

Maintenance engineering is another in-demand path, ideal for those who enjoy a mix of hands-on fixing and working with next generation automation. There are also excellent apprentice routes into maintenance and mechatronics at the moment.
Finally, quality engineering continues to offer great opportunities for progression, often through the traditional shop floor route from inspector or technician level. Particularly across aerospace and defence, this is a skillset where demand is only set to grow in the future.

Gerren
Oxford Brookes University

I wouldn’t say certain people are “best suited” for a career in engineering; anyone could work towards one if that is what they want. However, naturally, there are some traits that could help lead to a career in engineering. A big one I would say is curiosity. Wanting to know why certain things work the way they do, what objects are made from; how they’re made. This mindset shows a genuine eagerness to question things that others may not think to question. This is a great mindset to have in all walks of life, but particularly engineering.

Engineering always involves problem solving. Even when there may already seem to be an answer, engineers need to be able to look outside the box to improve that answer. For example, looking for solutions that are cheaper, greener or lighter. Being able to consider all possibilities with any information provided from different angles is a trait that promotes innovation and improvement.

Joanna
EngineeringUK

Getting into chemical engineering can be tough, especially at the best universities, but there are lots of jobs for people with the right skills. You’ll need good grades in maths, chemistry, and physics.

To stand out you can try to get work experience such as summer internships, shadowing engineers, joining STEM clubs, or volunteering. You can also look for online virtual placements or take part in science competitions such as The Big Bang Competition. These activities all show you’re interested and help you learn useful skills.
To see chemical engineers in action visit Jasmin who is creating new hair care products and Adil who is keeping people fresh around the world.

Future of engineering

Dr Claire
The Met Office

As we move towards increased automation and greater reliance on fast, connected communication, there are going to be lots of opportunities in areas such as:

unmanned vehicles (on land, air and sea)
improving telecommunications
developing the built environment to be more self-aware (via the internet of things)

Climate change will also be a major influence, and we’ll need engineers who specialise in mitigation (preventing impacts) and adaptation (modifying things to cope with changes). Especially for existing and new infrastructure and transport, as well as developing renewable, nuclear and clean energy. With so much data being produced leading to digital versions of real systems, and opportunities from AI, skills in these areas will become important too.

Isobel
RWE Renewables UK

Engineers are essential in solving today’s biggest challenges. They drive innovation in clean technologies and develop energy infrastructure to address energy security, affordability, and sustainability. In the UK, engineers can also help design safer, more affordable housing and promote sustainable land use. They build and maintain vital transport networks that keep people connected and safe. In the defence sector, engineers spearhead technological advancements to protect national security. Overall, engineers play a crucial role in addressing numerous and diverse issues affecting both the UK and the wider world.

Harry
Thales UK

Hot topics in the defence industry include autonomous systems, distributed systems and the use of novel algorithms including artificial intelligence.

Autonomous systems allow personnel to focus on critical decision making due to a few key benefits. Firstly, removing personnel from dangerous, hazardous, mundane and repetitive tasks. Secondly using algorithms including artificial intelligence to process large amounts of data and pull out meaning from data that would otherwise remain hidden from users.

Distributed software allows individual systems to communicate over a network and develop a shared and coordinated intelligence picture as a situation unfolds in real-time. This leads to faster and better quality decision making.

Marisa
Raeon

It'll come as no surprise that AI is certainly a growing trend in the industry at the moment. Engineers are using machine learning to enhance and support engineering, speeding up mundane tasks, whilst ensuring the creative and knowledge-based side works alongside this. A growing trend in engineering is also the ability to customise and personalise. Therefore, tools and methods to support this are also emerging in the industry. For example, my company, Raeon, is developing battery packs. They can be fully customised to the end user's requirements, but without the need for longer development and production times or additional costs to the customer. Whilst we are using AI to support some processes, it also requires creativity, innovation and a lot of hard work to make it happen!

Job detail

Harry
Thales UK

A common misconception is that engineers lack social skills or are introverted. However, the profession includes a wide range of personalities and engineers use soft skills on a daily basis to collaborate and communicate within teams.

Dr Claire
The Met Office

It’s surprising how much collaboration is needed. I work with everyone from field engineers to instrument scientists to software developers to make sure our observational systems deliver real-world impact. We produce billions of observations of the atmosphere every day (also surprising) and it requires a wide range of skills and people to keep this working.

Isobel
RWE Renewables UK

Some of the most important skills in my job within the offshore wind sector are being able to present ideas clearly, using IT for design and analysis. And communicating well with others so everyone understands and works together. Organisation is key - I often juggle many tasks, so it is really important to manage my time and projects efficiently. Improving these skills will help you succeed in any engineering role, whether you’re working on a team project, designing something new, or solving problems.

Joanna
EngineeringUK

Civil engineers help design and build things like bridges, roads, buildings, and flood defences. They use computers to make plans, visit building sites to check progress, and work with lots of different people like architects and builders. Civil engineers solve problems, make sure projects are safe, and help keep everything on track and on budget. Their work helps make communities safer and better places to live.

To see a civil engineer in practice visit Sue who is working on the River Thames and sewage!

Marisa
Raeon

Every engineering project has its own challenges: whether it's the technology, the commercials or the people. A particularly challenging project we were working on was to develop a high-speed air compressor for a hydrogen fuel cell aeroplane. The air compressor could spin at over 80,000 rpm - that's 16 times faster than a typical car engine! We had lots of challenges ensuring the technology was robust, especially as what we were developing had some very new components. We also had to make sure that it met all the safety requirements and integrated seamlessly with the rest of the aircraft fuel cell system. On top of that, we had difficulties ensuring all the requirements and key features of the project were communicated clearly between the teams involved. As a manager on the project, I found the best solution was to ensure the people involved are happy and working together first and foremost. After that, the communication became easier. We could work together to tackle the technical aspects of the project as a team, supporting each other and working towards the same goal.

Dr Claire
The Met Office

I’ve never had a set career plan, instead I’ve always looked to study and work in areas that I find interesting and challenge me to learn new things. I’ve always had a strong interest in the environment and how we can use technology to keep people safe, so the Met Office has been a natural fit to enable me to pursue these. The range of work we do means I’ve been lucky enough to have a variety of jobs working in volcanology, climate science, and now observations. It’s okay to not have a clear idea of exactly what you want to do, now or even later in your career. There are lots of interesting jobs out there that you won’t even know exist yet.

Harry
Thales UK

During my GCSEs a career advisor recommended that I explore the field of engineering. I went on to study maths, physics and computer science at A level while completing engineering work experience at British Airways and Thales. Since I enjoyed my studies and the work experience, I decided to pursue a career in engineering. I decided to focus on an area of engineering which touched on all my favourite subjects. This sustained my interest, kept the topic general and applicable to many industrial applications so I could stay flexible in my career route. I chose to study electronic engineering. As computer science is closely related to electronics, I had the opportunity to complete computer science modules at university.

Harry
Thales UK

Work experience is invaluable to understand how different fields of engineering are applied in industry. And for gaining exposure to various businesses, organisation sizes, toolsets and professional teams. If I had more time, I would have completed more work experience placements throughout each stage of study. I believe this would have further helped during applications for competitive degree apprenticeship and graduate level roles in industry. For example, I worked in a startup during university, and I gained experience in rapid prototype development. This helps in my engineering role in a future product development team where the same mindset is required.

School study

Gerren
Oxford Brookes University

My top tip would be to research all the paths that are available to you and establish which you think is best for you. Is a degree the best way to break into your field? Or is a degree apprenticeship more tailored to your needs? What qualifications would you require for that path? Keep your options open, but also have some idea as to what you want to do and what you may need for that. Of course, not everyone will know what niche in engineering they may want to explore. There are many! But the sooner you can know and plan, the better. Most skills and qualifications are transferable anyway, so it won’t be detrimental if you change your mind!

Additionally, if you are lucky enough to know what you want to do, don’t be afraid to reach out to people who are doing what you want to do. With tools like LinkedIn, you can easily find people in fields you want to be in. Go to an event they may be hosting and talk to them there. Drop them a dm or comment on a post. Make the most of the platform and interact with your connections. Who you know can make the difference in some careers, but it also gives you a point of contact within the field. They could offer advice and guidance, or simply give you an insight into what their role is really about.

Tomas
Green Folk

First step is to make sure your core GCSEs are solid. Strong results in maths and English will always be part of any selection process and will be a barrier to progression. From there, subjects in science and engineering will naturally give you an advantage, but it’s also worth remembering the value of creative subjects. The arts are becoming increasingly important for those pursuing innovation in science and technology. In fact, research has shown that Nobel Prize winners in the sciences are almost 3 times more likely than other scientists to have creative hobbies. This shows just how closely creativity and engineering excellence can go hand in hand. It’s also worth looking at the work of Anne-Marie Imafidon and the Institute for the Future of Work. They are helping to reshape thinking around STEAM by recognising the Arts as an equal and essential part of the traditional STEM subjects.

Gerren
Oxford Brookes University

As expected, technical skills, such as maths and problem solving are vital for any engineer, young or old. Though, I do think it is important to understand some of the softer skills that are often overlooked for engineers. Confidence is very important in any working environment but especially engineering, where you will always be working with a team of people. Confidence, not only in yourself, but in those you’re working with, gives the reassurance that the team has a common goal they are all working towards. It also gives you and your team members confidence in your ability, allowing you to speak up when you feel you have to. This will mean your peers are more likely to trust what you suggest and consider your ideas. In a field where collaborative work and sharing ideas is staple to its operation, being able to express your ideas with your peers is vital.

Harry
Thales UK

During my GCSEs a career advisor recommended that I explore the field of engineering. I went on to study maths, physics and computer science at A level while completing engineering work experience at British Airways and Thales. Since I enjoyed my studies and the work experience, I decided to pursue a career in engineering. I decided to focus on an area of engineering which touched on all my favourite subjects. This sustained my interest, kept the topic general and applicable to many industrial applications so I could stay flexible in my career route. I chose to study electronic engineering. As computer science is closely related to electronics, I had the opportunity to complete computer science modules at university.

Joanna
EngineeringUK

If you want to study civil, structural, or aerospace engineering, a good foundation in maths and physics at GCSE are important. Chemistry, computing, design & technology, and geography can also help.

Most university courses ask for at least five GCSEs at grades 9–4 (A*–C), including English, maths, and science. If you don’t have all the right subjects or grades, you could also get in through a foundation year or an apprenticeship route instead. There really is a path for everyone!

Take a look at the route finder maps to plan your way in:
• England Career route map for England
• Scotland Career route map for Scotland
• Wales Llwybrau i beirianneg (Cymru)
• Northern Ireland Career route map for Northern Ireland

Marisa
Raeon

The most important subject to study for engineering is definitely maths. We use it every day! Design and technology and the sciences are also very important. These are very much the foundations of engineering. However, engineering has such a broad reach, pretty much all the subjects you study will support a well-rounded engineering career. Art? It develops your creativity. English? It will help you articulate your ideas. Geography? It helps with understanding the natural world and commercial aspects of business. Drama? Confidence in communication and presenting! In short, whatever you enjoy, work hard at it, because it will all bring benefits to you as an engineer in your future career.

Harry
Thales UK

Organisations in the UK are actively investing in early career engineering opportunities to build the future of their workforce. Opportunities such as degree apprenticeships offer a valuable alternative to university and help build a strong pipeline of engineers. However, to sustain the engineering workforce into the future, the amount of opportunities will need to increase.

Dr Claire
The Met Office

One of the key lessons is to always be curious and ask questions. In my job there is no such thing as a stupid question. In fact, it’s much worse to assume something that may later turn out to be wrong and cause problems in a project. Learning how to work as a team is also really important. I got to do this through school projects, but also via the Duke of Edinburgh’s scheme and being part of a sports team. Lastly, the subjects I studied have given me the knowledge and understanding I need. I liked physics and maths, and these skills have been useful throughout my career. For example, understanding the electromagnetic spectrum is core to many of the observing techniques that we use to measure the atmosphere.

Joanna
EngineeringUK

This really depends on the ‘type’ of engineer you want to be as there are so many different options! Typically to become an engineer, you’ll usually need five GCSEs at grades 9–4 (A*–C), including English, maths, and science.

Maths and physics are especially important for some roles as they give you the foundation for most engineering courses and apprenticeships. Having a good mix of subjects like computing, design & technology, or chemistry can also be very beneficial for the future too.

If you don’t have all the right subjects or grades, there are still routes into engineering. For example, foundation years or apprenticeships, so there really is a path for everyone!

To explore the 12 sectors in engineering take a look through From idea to career.

Joanna
EngineeringUK

A level physics is a brilliant way to keep your options open for the future especially if you’re interested in engineering, technology, or science careers. Physics helps you develop problem solving, analytical, and practical skills that are valued in lots of different jobs.
While girls are currently underrepresented in A level physics, studying physics can help you stand out. It also challenges stereotypes and show universities and employers that you’re ready for exciting opportunities. Plus, physics is about understanding how the world works and can lead to careers that make a real difference. For example, tackling climate change, developing new technologies, or improving healthcare and we need all genders to do this for their unique perspectives.

If you enjoy asking questions, solving problems, and want to shape the future, A level physics is a fantastic choice!

Hear stories of women engineers who use physics in their job roles today:

Work experience

Isobel
RWE Renewables UK

Getting work experience is a great way to learn about engineering. You can try virtual work experience opportunities online – Springpod offer a wide range of virtual experiences in partnership with industry and employers. If you struggle to gain a work experience placement in an engineering role, gaining experience in a related industry, or an alternative role within an engineering company, are also good options. Websites like Higherin (previously Rate My Placement and Rate My Apprenticeship) list lots of useful opportunities. School projects or joining groups like robotics clubs can help you build similar skills, especially teamwork and problem solving. Connecting with a mentor who works in engineering or going on site visits to engineering companies can also give great insight and help you decide what interests you.

Tomas
Green Folk

Start local, then look to the businesses that genuinely excite you. Reach out to them yourself rather than asking parents or guardians to do it for you. Take the time to find out what routes they offer. Don’t just say you want to apply. Ask how they see people getting into their roles and be genuinely curious. There are also some excellent local apprenticeship providers who can help you explore opportunities. Locally, we’ve had the pleasure of working with the Hereford & Worcestershire Group Training Association. They run fantastic engineering apprenticeships and connect businesses with aspiring apprentices. Finally, keep an open mind. Your first role is just a step, not the final destination in where your career may go.

Your questions answered!

The Dare to discover panel answer your questions

Artificial Intelligence

Careers

Future of engineering

Job detail

School study

Work experience

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